Its scientific and political use is even controversial. Neoliberalism has been approached by several research fields and can be difficult to define (Birch, 2015 Venugopal, 2015). Indeed, after the Chilean experimentation that started in 1973 (Araujo and Martuccelli, 2013 Barder, 2013), neoliberal policies have been increasingly adopted across all continents (Navarro, 2007), either encouraged by the Washington consensus (e.g., Morocco, Egypt Hanieh, 2015 Argentina Önis, 2006 Greece Kretsos, 2012), by ideological endorsement (e.g., the two emblematic figures of Reagan in the United States and Thatcher in the United Kingdom Schmidt, 2001 Prasad, 2006 Orléan, 2013), or by pragmatism (i.e., adapting to international economy and globalization e.g., in France Schmidt, 2001 Fourcade-Gourinchas and Babb, 2002). This study highlights the value of relying on a qualitative approach to provide a rich and complex account of social realities such as ideologies.įor several decades, most countries of the world as well as international agencies such as the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (i.e., the Washington consensus), have undergone a neoliberal turn (e.g., Navarro, 2007 Bettache and Chiu, 2019). Indeed, in the eyes of participants, the State largely remains the guarantor of public services and should ensure an equality of opportunity.

We also found that, in the French context, neoliberal ideology was not necessarily associated to the willingness to see the State step back and to the rationalization of all types of inequalities. Results suggest that the influence of neoliberal ideology transpires in the way people envision competition as something natural and motivating, in the way they distance themselves from their immediate and distant contexts, and in the way they value and engage in self-regulation while pursuing happiness and self-optimization. Relying on a qualitative analysis of 32 semi-structured interviews and on the existing literature, we identified five central themes of neoliberal ideology in France: State prerogatives, competition, abstraction from institutional and social contexts, the entrepreneurial self and emotional management. Yet, this appears necessary in order to better understand its actual influence and how it interacts with localized norms. Very few studies in social psychology have looked at how neoliberal ideology transpires out of people's discourses and none have done so in such contexts. This article adds to the existing literature on neoliberal ideology by investigating its content and contours in a context historically marked by statism.

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